effect. In the older stories the writers often turned from the principal subject to introduce other matter. Poe excluded everything,—no matter how interesting,—that did not lead directly to the effect he wished to produce. The earlier stories often ended inconclusively. The reader felt that more might be said, or that some other ending might be possible. Poe tried to write so that the story should be absolutely complete, and its ending the one necessary ending, with no other ending even to be thought of. With it all, he tried to write so that,—no matter how improbable the story really might be,—it should, at least, seem entirely probable,—as real as though it had actually happened.

In general, Poe’s definition of the short story still holds true. There are many kinds of stories to-day,—just as there are many kinds of engines,—but the great fundamental principles hold true in both. We may still define the modern short story as:

ix1. A narrative that is short enough to be read easily at a single sitting;

ix

2. That is written to produce a single impression on the mind of the reader;

3. That excludes everything that does not lead to that single impression;

4. That is complete and final in itself;

5. That has every indication of reality.

III THE FAMILY TREE OF THE SHORT STORY

Everyone knows his father and mother. Very few, except those of noble descent, know even the names of their great-great grandparents. As if of the noblest, even of royal descent, the short story knows its family tree. Its ancestry, like that of the American people, goes back to Europe; draws strength from many races, and finally loses itself somewhere in the prehistoric East,—in ancient Greece, India, or Egypt.

In the royal galleries kings look at pictures of their great ancestors, and somewhat realize remote the past. Many of the ancestors of the short story still live. They drank of the fountain of youth, and are as strong and full of life as ever. Such immortal ancestors of the short story of to-day are The Story of Polyphemus (ninth century, B.C.), The Story of Pandora and her Box (ninth century, B.C.), The Book of Esther (second century, B.C.), The City Mouse and the Country Mouse (first century, B.C.), and The Fables of Æsop (third century, A. D.). There are still existing many Egyptian short stories, some of which are of the most remote antiquity, the Tales of the Magicians going back to 

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