from this class. It must be observed however that fel (adj.), spelt also feel, appears in both classes, 4773, 5052. The variation -al, which, as might be expected, is extremely common, is of course from Latin and gives no evidence as to the sound of -el, from which it is quite separate in rhyme. Before a nasal in verbs like vient, tient, ie is regularly retained in writing, and these words and their compounds rhyme among one another and with crient, ghient, nient, fient, &c. Naturally they are separated from the ę of aprent, commencement, sagement, &c. The forms ben, men, ren, which occur for example in the Vie de S. Grégoire for bien, mien, rien, are not found in Gower. Finally it may be noticed that beside fiere, appiere, compiere, from ferir, apparer, &c., we have fere, appere, compere, which in rhyme are as absolutely separated from fere (= faire), terre, requere (inf.), as fiert, piert, quiert, &c., are from apert, overt, pert. More will have to be said on the subject of this ie when we are confronted with Gower’s use of it in English.

[Pg xxi]

[Pg xxii]

ii. French ai in tonic syllables.

(a) ai before a nasal was in Anglo-Norman writing very commonly represented by ei. This is merely a question of spelling apparently, the sound designated being the same in either case. Our author (or his scribe) had a certain preference for uniformity of appearance in each set of rhymes. Thus he gives us first solein, plein, soverein, certein, mein, Evein, in Mir. 73 ff., then vain, grain, main, gain, pain, vilain, 2199 ff.; or again haltaines, paines, acompaines, compaines, restraines, certaines, 603 ff., but peine, constreine, vileine, peine (verb), aleine, procheine, 2029 ff. Sometimes however the two forms of spelling are intermixed, as vein, pain, main, &c., 16467 ff., or meine, humeine, capitaine, 759 ff. Some of the words in the ai series, as pain, gain, compaine, are spelt with ai only, but there are rhyme-sequences in -ain without any of these words included, as 6591 ff., main, prochain, vilain, certain, vain, sain; also words with original French ei, such as peine, constreine, restreines, enseigne, plein (plenus), veine[Pg xxiii] (vena), meinz (minus), atteins, feinte, exteinte, enter into the same class. Thus we must conclude that before a nasal these two diphthongs were completely confused. It must be noted that the liquid sound of the nasal in such words as enseigne, plaigne, had been completely lost, but the letter g with which it was associated in French continued to be very generally written, and by the influence of these words g was often introduced without 

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