serray, dirray, &c., belongs to the Norman dialect.

(d) The final s of inflexion is regularly replaced by z after a dental, as courtz, desfaitz, ditz, excellentz, fitz, fortz, regentz, seintz, and frequently in past participles of verbs (where there is an original dental), as perturbez, enfanteez, rejoïz, perduz; but also elsewhere, especially with the termination -able, as refusablez, delitablez, in rhyme with acceptables. Sometimes however a dental drops out before s, as in apers, desfais, dis, dolens, presens. In all these cases however the difference is one of spelling only.

(e) Lastly, notice may be directed to the mute consonants either surviving in phonetic change or introduced into the spelling in imitation of the Latin form. The fourteenth century was a time when French writers and copyists were especially prone to the vice of etymological spelling, and many forms both in French and English which have been supposed to be of later date may be traced to this period. I shall point out some instances, etymological and other, most of which occur in rhyme.

[Pg xxxii]

[Pg xxxii]

Thus b is mute in doubte (also doute) rhyming with boute, and also in debte beside dette, soubdeinement beside soudeinement, &c.:

p in temps, accompte, corps, hanaps, descript, rhyming with sens, honte, tors, pas, dit, and in deceipte beside deceite;

d before s in ribalds rhyming with vassals;

t before z in such words as fortz, courtz, certz, overtz, fitz, ditz, aletz, decretz, rhyming with tors, destours, vers, envers, sis, dignités, ées;

s in such forms as dist, promist, quidasmes, &c., in rhyme with esjoït, espirit, dames; possibly however the 3 pers. sing. pret. of these verbs had an alternative pronunciation in which s was sounded, for they several times occur in rhyme with Crist, and then are always written -ist, whereas at other times they vary this freely with -it.

g in words like baraign, pleigne, soveraigne, rhyming with gain, peine;

c before s in clercs (also clers) rhyming with vers;

l in almes, ascoulte, moult, which rhyme with fames, route, trestout and in oultrage, estoultie, beside outrage, estoutie.

On the other hand v is sounded in the 

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