uniformity in spelling, but there is some reason to think that it indicates in these words an alternative pronunciation.

[Pg xxiv]

It is to be observed that on the neutral ground of e some words with original ei meet those of which we have been speaking, in which ai was reduced to e in rather early Anglo-Norman times. Thus we have crere rhyming with terre, affere, &c.; crestre, acrestre, descrestre, with estre, nestre; and encres, descres, malves, with apres, pes. These forms, which have descended to our author from his predecessors, are used by him side by side with the (later) French forms croire, croistre, acroistre, descroistre, encrois, descrois, and these alternative forms must undoubtedly be separated from the others in sound as well as in spelling. This being so, it is not unreasonable to suppose that the case was the same with the ai words, and that in adopting the Continental French forms side by side with the others the writer was bringing in also the French diphthong sound, retaining however the traditional Anglo-Norman pronunciation in both these classes of words where it happened to be more convenient or to suit his taste better.

(c) The French terminations -aire and -oire, from Lat. -arius, -oria, -orius, are employed by Gower both in his French and English works in their Continental forms, the older Anglo-Norman -arie, -orie, which passed into English, being hardly found in his writings. The following are some of the words in question, most of which occur in the Confessio Amantis in the same form: adversaire, contraire (contrere), doaire, essamplaire, lettuaire, necessaire, saintuaire; consistoire, Gregoire, histoire, memoire, purgatoire, victoire. We have however exceptionally rectorie 16136, accented to rhyme with simonye, and also (from Lat. -erium) misterie (by the side of misteire) accented on the ante-penultimate.

[Pg xxv]

[Pg xxv]

iii. French ei not before a nasal.

This diphthong, which appears usually as ei in the Anglo-Norman texts of the thirteenth century, is here regularly represented by oi and levelled, as in the French of the Continent, with original French oi. In its relations to e and ai it has already been spoken of; at present we merely note that the later French form is adopted by our author with some few exceptions both in stems and flexion. Isolated exceptions are deis (debes) for dois, heir by the side of hoir, lampreie, malveis (also malvois, malves), teille, and vei (vide) from veoir; also in verbs 

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